e-Application

e-Application User Guide

Last updated: 2/26/2005


Contents
Overview

1. What is e-Application?
2. Can I apply for all grants electronically through e-Application?
3. How do I apply for a grant with e-Application?
4. Who is an Authorized Representative?
5. How do I navigate through the website?

Register and Login

1. Why do I need to register?
2. How do I create a Username?
3. What should I do if I forget my Username/password?

View Competitions and Apply

1. Where can I find a listing of available application packages?
2. How do I select an application to begin applying?
3. How do I access an e-Application package?

Collaborate in Applying

1. There are several people in my organization working on our application. Can we work in e-Application at the same time on the same application?
2. What is locking? How do I unlock a form?
3. Who is an Application Manager?
4. What are privileges?
5. How do I get View, Edit and Submit privileges?

Forms and Narratives

1. Can I save my work and come back to it at a later time?
2. Can I attach files to the electronic application?
3. Can I attach tables, charts and graphs?
4. Can I attach letters of support?
5. How do I complete the narratives required by some application packages?
6. What is the page limitation?
7. When I click the "Save" button on a narrative attachment page, nothing happens or a blank page appears.
8. Can I attach more than one document (file) on a narrative attachment page?
9. How do I complete/submit SF form 424 Cover Page (or Program Specific Cover Page) and ED 524?
10. How do I complete/submit the Certifications and Assurances required?

Submit and Unsubmit

1. How do I submit a completed application?
2. How do I submit the forms that require a signature?
3. When is the deadline for electronic submission?
4. When will I receive a confirmation that the Department of Education has received my application?
5. How do I unsubmit a completed application?

Printing

1. Which forms are required to be printed and mailed?
2. How do I print one of my completed forms? How do I print a narrative I uploaded?

My Profile and Logout

1. How do I log out?
2. How do I change my contact information, Username or password?

Additional Help

1. Where can I get additional help?
2. Where do I find the applicable Statutes and Regulations and the Federal Register notice?
3. Where do I find Empowerment Zones and Enterprise Communities Listing?
4. Where do I find the State Single Points of Contact (SPOC) Listing?


Overview

1. What is e-Application?
e-Application automates, and exists in parallel with, the current paper-based U.S. Department of Education (ED) grant application process. e-Application allows applicants to apply on-line to grant programs. A completed application includes basic applicant information, required certifications and assurances, and a variety of separate forms and narrative content that may be required by the specific ED Program Office managing the grant programs. These separate forms may include, but are not limited to 1) a one page abstract or summary of your proposed project; 2) a detailed project description which addresses the general and/or program specific selection criteria included in the application package and/or published in the Federal Register; 3) a budget description; 4) project performance information.

The Government Paperwork Elimination Act (GPEA), P. L. 105-277, Title XVII, requires that federal agencies must provide, by October 21, 2003, for the (1) option of electronic maintenance, submission, or disclosure of information, when practicable as a substitute for paper; and (2) use and acceptance of electronic signatures, when practicable. As ED moves to a paperless environment, this e-Application takes the next step toward meeting this goal. The ED on-line grant application process will be available to many discretionary and formula grant program applicants.

Discretionary and Formula Grant Programs developing new Packages that will use e-Application will be identified beginning in October each year. The list of online packages is available here. You can go through the e-Application demo by clicking the Demo button on the e-Application Home Page to practice editing and submitting a test application.

As you work with the site, help is available online, via e-mail, or by calling the e-Grants Helpdesk. If you have a problem or encounter an error message on the site, save your work if you can. Then, log out of the site and restart your browser. The site is viewed best in Internet Explorer 5. We currently support IE 5 and Netscape 6.2 (along with later versions of both IE and Netscape). Please make sure that you have Cookies and JavaScript enabled in your browser.

An e-Grants Customer Satisfaction Survey has been developed to solicit input from the applicants who submit their applications through the Internet, and from those who apply to the grant competition via a paper application. Please take a few moments, after submitting your application, to complete the e-Grants Customer Satisfaction Survey.
Can I apply for all grants electronically through e-Application?
No. See the Packages Page to check which grant competitions you may apply for through e-Application. A list of all discretionary open ED grant application packages can be found at http://www.ed.gov/GrantApps, regardless of the submission method (electronic or paper).

There is also a Grants Forecast that lists virtually all discretionary programs and competitions under which ED has invited or expects to invite applications for new awards regardless of submission method.
How do I apply for a grant with e-Application?
The 9 Steps to Prepare an e-Application web page offers a quick overview of the electronic submission process for most e-Application packages.

All persons wishing to apply for a grant using e-Application must go through a registration process from the e-Grants Home Page. See Register and Login for more information.e-Application allows multiple people from an organization to work on the same application. The first person who creates an application is assigned the role of Application Manager for that application with the responsibility to submit the application. The Application Manager can allow other registered users to view and edit parts of the application as well as reassign the responsibility for application submission. See Collaborate in Applying for more information. Staff from an Institution of Higher Education (IHE) should first check with the Office of Sponsored Research within your institution before registering. Due to internal procedures of most, if not all IHEs, only staff within the Office of Sponsored Research should serve as the Application Manager and submit the application on behalf of the Authorized Representative. After you have registered and created a Username, you can begin an application from the Applicant Start Page. See View Competitions and Apply for more information.

Within an application, you may see the following types of forms. See Forms and Narratives for more information.
o SF Forms 424 Cover Page (or Program Specific Cover Page) and 524 - the main forms of an ED application that hold basic information about an applicant and the budgetary information associated with the application. Certifications and Assurances - the statutory statements, disclosures and agreements that applicants are required to submit as part of the application. Project Narratives and Budget Justifications - the written content of the application you provide describing and supporting the proposed project and project budget, respectively.
o File Attachments - applicants may attach a file within specific file type and size limitations.

e-Application allows applicants to open a "printable version" of a form or narrative. See Printing for more information.Once you review the application for completeness, the user with Submit privilege can submit the application. The person who submits the application should be authorized to act on behalf of your organization’s Authorized Representative. After submitting electronically, you may have to fax or mail copies of specific application forms. See Submit and Unsubmit for more information.

Navigate effectively in e-Application by using links, buttons and the tab key. Links are underlined and take you to reference information throughout the application. Buttons perform actions such as Save, Edit, Cancel, Submit and Delete. Use the tab key to move from one field to another within the forms. We recommend that you use the buttons, links and tab key to navigate through the application rather than relying on your browser navigational tools.
Who is an Authorized Representative?
Prior to submission, all applications must be approved by an Authorized Representative from the organization applying for the grant. Please check within your organization, (e.g. Sponsored Research Office, Administrative Office) to determine the appropriate Authorized Representative for your entity.

2. How do I navigate through the website?
There is a navigation bar on every e-Application Page.

Screenshot of e-Application navigation bar

Start Page: Lists the applications to which you are currently associated. Packages: Lists grant packages you may apply for with e-Application. Status Reports: Lists applications that have been submitted to a particular CFDA/Subprogram. My Profile: View or edit your registration information and change your password. Help: Opens this User Guide.

Logout: Returns you to the e-Grants Portal Page. Please log out when you are done.

Screenshot of Application Management User Privileges (for Application Managers) Allow more than one person to work on the current application. Change View or Edit user privileges for the current application. Delete the Application: (for Application Managers) Remove the current application from e-Application. It will no longer show on your Start Page.

Application History: (for Application Managers) View actions taken by you and other users with View or Edit privileges for the current application.


Register and Login

1. Why do I need to register?
Registration allows us to validate and verify that authorized users access the site. Only a user with a valid Username and password will be able to open, edit and submit an application. Registration is not necessary to view the Packages Page.

2. How do I create a Username?
All e-Grants users must register and create a valid Username. Click the "Register" button from the Portal Page to open the next page. The users must select the module they wish to register for and click the "Next" button, which would lead the user to the e-Application registration. Registration for e-Application requires users to provide information that allows registrants to be identified. The information collected is presented below:

Registration Element Information
Last Name Required; last name of the registrant.
First Name Required; first name of the registrant.
Middle Initial Optional; middle initial of the registrant.
Address Required; address, city and state of the registrant.
Telephone Number Required; area code and telephone number of the registrant.
Fax Number Optional; area code and fax telephone of the registrant.
Primary Email Address Required; primary e-mail address of the registrant.
Receive Notifications at Primary e-Mail Address Optional; e-mail address notifications are sent to.
Alternate Email Address

Optional; alternate e-mail address of the registrant.
Recieve Notifications at Alternate e-Mail Address Optional; e-mail address notifications are sent to.
<%'ED0030908: Mike: 12/14/2005: Remove all references to the e-Grants newsletter '' ' '%>
Subscribe ' to Newsletter Required; ' yes or no to receive the newsletter
Username Required; the registrant chooses a Username up to 12 letters and/or numbers that is used to log into the website.
User Type Required; the registrant must select one of the following.

Discretionary/Other Formula Grants: Default; allows the applicant to apply for discretionary and other formula grants.

Impact Aid Formula Grant: If you are unfamiliar with Impact Aid, please see the What is Impact Aid? page. This option allows the applicant to only apply for Impact Aid grants. Registrants must either enter a valid Impact Aid Number if selecting this option or leave it blank.

Both: Allows the applicant to apply for both discretionary and Impact Aid grants.
Impact Aid # If you have applied to Impact Aid in the past, enter only the numeric State code and Applicant code. Do not include the State abbreviation, Fiscal Year, or hyphens (e.g. for 99-SC-2002-9999, please enter 999999).

Click the "Submit" button after you input all the information. You will receive an e-mail with a system-generated password. To access any e-Grants module, users should use their Username and the password provided. After logging into e-Grants, users will be asked to select the module they wish to access and would select e-Application at this point. Users may change their password by using the My Profile link found under the tabs near the top of the page. Passwords must comply with the following: Passwords must be at least 8 characters in length, must contain at least one numeric and one alpha character, must be composed of a mixture of alpha numeric characters only, cannot be your Username, cannot be reused (i.e. the password you created for your Username in the past cannot be used again for six generations). Note: Existing users do not need to create a new Username, rather click on the module link they wish to access after login.
3. What should I do if I forget my Username/password?
The Username and password were e-mailed to you upon registration. If you do not have them, click on the I forgot my Username / password link on the e-Grants Portal Page.


View Competitions and Apply

1. Where can I find a listing of available application packages? ---
You do not have to register or log in to see the list. You can access this page by clicking on the "Application Packages" button found on the left side of the e-Application Home Page, or if you have registered, by clicking on the "Apply" button on the Applicant Start Page once you log in. You can also select the Packages link found on the Applicant Start Page once you log in.

A list of all ED grant application packages (electronic and hardcopy) can be found at http://www.ed.gov/GrantApps/.
2. How do I select an application to begin applying?
You can select an application and begin applying by first logging in from the Portal Page, selecting the e-Application module, going to the Applicant Start Page, and clicking the "Apply" button to see a list of grant packages. Click on a grant package to access its application.

3. How do I access an e-Application package? ---
If you have already started an application for a grant competition and you want to access it again, enter your Username and password on the Portal Page, click the "Login" button, and select the e-Application module link. You will be at the Applicant Start Page where you will see all application packages to which you have been given access. Select the application on which you would like to work.

If you need to begin a new application, you can click on the "Apply" button from the Applicant Start Page. You will be sent to the Packages Page from which you can select a competition for which you would like to apply. You can also select the Packages link found on the Applicant Start Page.


Collaborate in Applying

1. There are several people in my organization working on our application. Can we work in e-Application at the same time on the same application?
Yes. Multiple users can access an application according to their assigned privileges. You can assign edit and view privileges to multiple users. However, no two users may edit the same form at the same time, but you may work on different forms at the same time. Within the application you will see a status, Locked by , displayed below the form name. A form is in locked status if another user is modifying the form. A form becomes locked after you click on the form or narrative to open it. It does not become unlocked until you click the "Cancel" or "Save" button at the bottom of the form.

Screenshot of a Locked form
2. What is locking? How do I unlock a form?
When a form is locked, it usually means another user is editing the form and you cannot access it. Locking prevents you from overwriting changes being made by someone else on your application team.

You cannot unlock a form that is locked by someone else. The other user must exit the form, or click the padlock icon to unlock it. If a user uses the web browser Back and Forward buttons instead of using "Save" and "Cancel" buttons on the form, a form may become locked. Closing the web browser before logging out may also cause this problem. To log out properly, click on the log out link near the top of the page under the tabs.
3. Who is an Application Manager?
The Application Manager is a role that allows an e-Application user to manage access to an application. When an application is created, the creator of the application will, by default, be the Application Manager and have privileges to submit the application. The Application Manager can add additional e-Application Usernames and associate them to an application. For each additional Username, the Application Manager can assign user privileges for accessing the application, e.g., view or edit. The Application Manager can reassign the submit privilege to another user and/or reassign the privilege of being the Application Manager to another user if desired.

4. What are privileges?
All e-Application users are assigned privileges that determine the type of access they have to a particular application, e.g., view, edit, or submit. The Application Manager assigns the user privileges listed below.

Privilege Actions Allowed
Application Manager This privilege is automatically assigned to the first person to apply for an application. The Application Manager assigns other users to the application to view and/or edit forms. The Application Manager is allowed to delete the application.
Edit Allows user to view, add, delete or change values in a form (assigned per form).
View Allows user to view a form (assigned per form).
Submit Allows user to submit the application to ED for review. This privilege is automatically assigned to the Application Manager, but can be reassigned to another user by the Application Manager.

5. How do I get View, Edit and Submit privileges?
After you register with e-Application, you should give your Username to your Application Manager. The Application Manager will assign view, edit and submit privileges appropriate to your work on the application. Privileges are assigned per individual form using the e-Application User Privileges Assignment Screen. This screen is presented below.

Screenshot of User Privileges


Forms and Narratives

1. Can I save my work and come back to it at a later time?
Yes. Save buttons are located on each form and narrative. We recommend that you save frequently. However, please keep in mind that the process might take a considerable amount of time when attaching a large file. On forms, check the "Form Completed" box when you have completed the entire form (all parts). The form status will change to Completed once you do this. You will still have access to edit forms in Completed status.

2. Can I attach files to the electronic application?
Yes. Files may be attached to an e-Application provided they are in Microsoft Word (.DOC), Rich Text Format (.RTF), or Adobe Acrobat (.PDF) file format. In an application package, a file size limitation may be imposed and will be displayed on the screen. Under each narrative section, you must attach your response in the form of a .DOC, .RTF, or .PDF file. This can be accomplished by clicking on the "Browse" button provided and selecting the appropriate document from either your hard drive or floppy disk. If there is only one "Browse" button on the Project Narrative page, then you can only attach one file on this page. Some Project Narrative pages allow more than one file to be attached on the page, shown by multiple "Browse" buttons.

Screenshot of a narrative attachment
3. Can I attach tables, charts and graphs?
Yes. Tables, charts and graphs should be included in the .DOC, .RTF, or .PDF files you are attaching under each narrative section.
4. Can I attach letters of support?
Yes. Letters of Support may be required by some application packages. If the letters of support are in hardcopy form, we recommend that you scan the letters as graphics, paste them into a single Word document (.DOC) and attach the file. This will ensure you retain the letterhead or other graphics. If the letters of support are in electronic format, we recommend that you combine them into a single Word document (.DOC) and attach the file. You also may convert this file using Acrobat (.PDF).

As you did with attaching files to your narrative sections, click on the "Browse" button from the e-Application window with the attachment capability. This will launch a browser window from which you can select the file you would like to attach to your e-Application package.

Throughout the process, you may need to replace or edit a file, which you have already attached to your e-Application package. In order to do this, you must edit the file and re-attach it following the attachment procedures outlined above.
5. How do I complete the narratives required by some application packages?
Most applications require written text about the project and budget you are providing in your e-Application package. In e-Application, the narrative is divided into multiple headings. In the e-Application package, you will see all the project and budget narrative headings to which you are required to respond. All narratives must be attached as separate files under each heading. These uploaded files must be in a .DOC (document), .RTF (rich text), or .PDF (acrobat) format.

6. What is the page limitation?
Some Program Offices impose page limits on certain parts of the application. Program Offices will manually screen the applications for adherence to the page limit guidelines. Page limitations, if applicable, will be included in the Notice Inviting Applications published in the Federal Register, or in the application instructions.

There is a "Pages" box found on most Project Narrative pages where you can enter a page count for your attachment. You can enter half pages (e.g. 4.5). Page counting in e-Application is offered as an aid to help you track a page limitation imposed across the entire application (multiple attachments). If you decide to use page counting in e-Application, a warning will be displayed if you exceed the page limit. The warning will not stop you from submitting your application.

In the example below, the page counts you enter for the narratives shown with a C are summed together to check whether they exceed the combined page limit.

Screenshot showing a C beside each narrative attachment which indicates it is included in a combined page count.
7. When I click the "Save" button on a narrative attachment page, nothing happens or a blank page appears.
Please be patient. If you are attaching a large file with images embedded, it may take extra time to complete the attachment. You will know the document attached when green text appears Narrative form saved near the top of the page. See the e-Application screenshot below. If the document attachment does not complete in 45 minutes, a blank page may appear meaning the document did not attach. Please try attaching the file again.

If you still encounter problems and connect to the Internet with a dial-up modem, try using e-Application from a location that carries a dedicated broadband Internet connection. If there are images in your document, you can try moving them to another project narrative attachment (if applicable to your grant application) to decrease the document file size.

Screenshot of a narrative attachment
8. Can I attach more than one document (file) on a narrative attachment page?
If there is only one "Browse" button on the narrative attachment page, you can only attach one file. In most cases, there will only be one "Browse" button. If there is only one "Browse" button, you cannot attach a file and return to the same narrative page again to attach a second file. If you do, the first attached file will be overwritten with the second file.

9. How do I complete/submit SF forms 424 Cover Page (or Program Specific Cover Page) and 524?
Instructions for completing the forms are included in the application package on the e-Application website. If you decide to submit an electronic application, you are required to submit, via fax, a signed copy of the Application for Federal Assistance (SF 424 Cover Page) or Program Specific Cover Page within (3) business days of application submission. Please follow these steps when submitting this form to ED:

1. Print the SF 424 Cover Page (or Program Specific Cover Page) from the e-Application system.

2. Your organization’s Authorizing Representative must sign the form.

3. Submit the electronic application via the e-Application system. You will receive an automatic acknowledgement, which will include a PR/Award number (an identifying number unique to your application).

4. Include the PR/Award number in the upper right hand corner of the SF 424 Cover Page (or Program Specific Cover Page).

5. The SF 424 Cover Page (or Program Specific Cover Page) must be faxed to the Application Control Center at (202) 245-6272 within (3) working days of submitting your electronic application. We may request that you give us original signatures on all other forms at a later date.
10. How do I complete/submit the Certifications and Assurances required?
Certifications and Assurances required for your application are included in the package. Most require a signature of the Authorized Representative. In lieu of a signature, applicants are required to type in the name, title, phone, fax number and e-mail address of the Authorized Representative. Then, you should check the Completed field and click the "OK" button.

Signed paper copies of these documents may be required at a later time.


Submit and Unsubmit

1. How do I submit a completed application?
The user with Submit privilege will click the "Ready to submit" button. A message will appear asking if you are sure you want to submit the application. If all required forms are not in Complete status, the user will be prompted with a message and provided the option to submit the application or cancel the submission. Click OK to proceed with the submission.

Screenshot of a confirm box asking if you are ready to submit with OK and Cancel as the options

On the Application Submission Page, the user is required to type in the Name, Title, Phone, Fax number and E-mail address of the Authorized Representative in lieu of a signature. Two warnings are in red on the page:

Screenshot showing the warning displayed before the application is submitted (first half of submission page).
Screenshot showing the warning displayed before the application is submitted (second half of submission page).

Then, you should click the "Submit" button. The submitter will receive a confirmation page with the PR/Award number (a number unique to your application). We strongly recommend that the submitter print this confirmation notice for your records!
2. How do I submit the forms that require a signature?
The SF 424 Cover Page (or Program Specific Cover Page), containing the original signature, must be faxed at (202) 245-6272 to the Application Control Center within (3) working days of submitting the electronic application. Signed paper copies of all other documents may be required at a later time. (see section "How do I complete/submit SF 424 and ED 524?")

3. When is the deadline for electronic submission?
Electronic submission must be completed by 4:30 p.m. Washington, D.C., time on the day the application is due to ED. The due date for your application is displayed on your Start Page.

Please check the Education Federal Register Documents and the e-Application Home Page for any notices of deadline revisions due to technical issues with the site.
4. When will I receive a confirmation that the Department of Education has received my application?
When the application is submitted, an instantaneous confirmation message will be displayed with a PR/Award Number. Since you will not be able to see this page again, we strongly recommend that the Submitter print this confirmation notice for your records! This PR/Award Number is to be written in the upper right hand corner of the SF 424 Cover Page (or Program Specific Cover Page) prior to faxing it to ED at (202) 245-6272 (see section "How do I complete/submit SF forms 424 Cover Page (or Program Specific Cover Page) and 524?").

Upon submission, a confirmation notice with the PR/Award Number will be e-mailed to all applicants who are associated with the application. Again, we strongly recommend that users print this confirmation notice for your records!
5. How do I unsubmit my application?
If you accidentally submit your application before it is complete, you may unsubmit it, make changes, and resubmit until the application deadline. At the bottom of the page where the "Submit" button originally appeared, click the "Unsubmit" button. The "Submit" button will appear again. Once you make any necessary changes to the forms, click the "Submit" button again to resubmit your entire application. You will keep the same PR/Award number that you previously used. If necessary, you may fax the SF 424 Cover Page (or Program Specific Cover Page) again.



Screenshot of the Unsubmit button




Printing

1. Which forms are required to be printed and mailed?
See section Submit and Unsubmit for more information on the requirements for printing and mailing forms.

2. How do I print one of my completed forms? How do I print a narrative I uploaded?

To view and/or print individual forms or narratives.

To print the form, click the printer icon next to the applicable form on the package page and a second window will open with the printable form version. Click the "Print" button within your web browser (on the same bar as Back and Forward), or by using the File/Print function from the Internet browser menu. Close this window once you are done.

To print the uploaded narrative, click the printer icon. A second window will open, where you can click the underlined document link to open the text editor (e.g. Microsoft Word). Use print from within this application.

If you choose not to use e-Application and decide to submit your application in paper, most Program Offices organizing the grant offer downloadable forms from the individual Program Office websites.

To print completed forms and narratives in PDF.

To request a complete package in PDF, click on the “Request Complete Package in PDF” on the e-Application PR/Award page after submission of the e-Application. A second window will open informing you that your request has been received and that you will be notified via email once it is available. This process can take anywhere from a few minutes to a few hours. Once you receive the email, click on the link in the text of the message and enter your username and password in the new window. This will open the PDF file from which you can view/print the entire package.

To print a complete package of blank forms in PDF , click the PDF icon next to the application link on your start page. A second window will open from which you can view/print the entire package of blank forms.


My Profile and Logout

1. How do I log out?
To log out, click the Logout link, located in the blue bar underneath the e-Application tab.

2. How do I change my contact information, Username or password?
To change your contact information, click the My Profile link, located in the blue bar underneath the e-Application tab of any e-Application page. You can then change the appropriate information and click the "Submit" button.


Additional Help

1. Where can I get additional help?

Question Information Contact
Application content or program specific support Application package instructions
Program Office Representative
Department of Education Regulations Education Department General Administrative Regulations (EDGAR).

e-Application Technical Support


Helpdesk
edcaps.user@ed.gov
1-888-336-8930
TTY: 1-866-697-2696
Local: 1-202-401-8363

Hours of operation:
Monday-Friday, 8am-6pm Washington DC time

There is an additional help document for e-Application, 9 Steps to Prepare an e-Application.
2. Where do I find the applicable Statutes and Regulations and the Federal Register notice?
In e-Application, you will find links on the Links Page to the applicable Statutes and Regulations as well as the Education Federal Register Documents for notices about application packages on e-Application. Within an application, you will find the specific application link to the Federal Register. For additional information on the Department’s regulations, please see the Education Department General Administrative Regulations (EDGAR).

3. Where do I find Empowerment Zones and Enterprise Communities Listing?
The Empowerment Zones and Enterprise Communities Listing link is found on the Links Page.

4. Where do I find the State Single Points of Contact (SPOC) Listing?
The SPOC link is found on the Links Page.

Bisnis Pemula

Internet : Lahan Bisnis Baru, Peluang Melimpah
November 10th, 2010 by admin | Filed under Bisnis Online.

Makin maraknya pengguna internet, menjadikan peluang baru untuk berbisnis di dunia maya ini. Bagi Anda yang baru dengar, cobalah untuk sedikit mendengar cerita sukses mereka yang telah berhasil memperoleh penghasilan lebih dari 10.000 US Dolar per bulan. Sungguh luar biasa,dan hebatnya lagi mereka yang sukses ini terkadang tidak memiliki latarbelakang IT, bahkan ada yang masih SMA atau kuliah.

Benarkah cerita saya ini, atau hanya sekedar omongan tanpa bukti?
Saya sudah membuktikannya sendiri, walaupun masih berpenghasilan kecil tapi saya merasakan peluang penghasilan akan bertambah terus dan semakin kelihatan di depan mata.Kalau saya yang baru mulai saja sudah merasakan itu, bagaimana dengan mereka yang sudah lama menggeluti bisnis online ini…pastinya sangat luar biasa. Mangkanya tidak heran jika saya mendengar Ada pebisnis online yang mendapatkan penghasilan di atas 10.000 US Dolar per bulan.Contohnya ini di Indonesia loh, bukan di negara lain.

Pertanyaanya adalah, apakah bisnis online ini bisa dijadikan sandaran hidup?
Seringkali pertanyaan ini muncul di berbagai forum, jawabannya bervariasi. Ada yang memang menjadikan bisnis ini menjadi tumpuan hidup, ada juga yang menjadikan bisnis online ini sebagai sumber tambahan penghasilan atau untuk dijadikan modal usaha offline. Untuk jawaban yang terakhir ini biasanya mereka masih sekolah atau menjadi pekerja.

Bagi mereka yang sudah memiliki penghasilan 4 kali dari gaji kantoran sekarang ( dengan asumsi misalnya 3 juta/bulan)- berarti 12 juta/bulan, terkadang tergiur untuk segera keluar dari pekerjaan sekarang.Tapi banyak juga yang meragukan, bisakah bisnis online ini menjadi sandaran hidup dengan mendapatkan penghasilan yang tetap setiap bulannya?

Anda nanti yang bisa menjawabnya sendiri jika sudah terjun ke dalamnya..
“Jangan taruh semua telor dalam satu keranjang”. Ini filosofi yang sangat mendalam, seperti halnya bisnis riil, usahakan untuk membuat bisnis ini tidak bergantung pada satu jenis saja. Kalau satu jenis bisnis tidak jalan, masih ada bisnis yang lain berjalan. Kalau perlu, setiap dapat penghasilan, sisihkan untuk modal usaha atau investasi ( beli properti, emas,tanah,saham dll ).

Bagaimana, apakah Anda tertarik untuk menjalankan bisnis online? silakan berkunjung ke forum adsense-id.com terlebih dulu, kemudian : Ikuti, tiru mereka yang berhasil, ikuti langkah-langkahnya dan tekun
Insyallah Anda akan berhasil mengikuti jejak mereka !
enternet sebagai lahan bisnis baru
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Teknologi & Internet

Aman Bertransaksi di ATM
ATM memudahkan Anda bertransaksi keuangan, namun ada bahaya mengintai dibalik teknologi canggih ini.
Transaksi di ATM:

* Apa itu Skimming?
* Tips transaksi di ATM

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Selasa, 06 April 2010
Topik: Teknologi & Internet

ATM (Automatic Teller Machine) atau di Indonesia, dialihbahasakan menjadi Anjungan Tunai Mandiri sudah lama dikenal sebagai tempat menarik uang dengan mudah dan cepat. Proses penarikannya bisa dilakukan kapan saja. Yang diperlukan hanyalah sebuah kartu ATM dan nomor PIN. Tetapi, para penjahat memanfaatkan teknologi yang tidak kalah canggih untuk menarik uang milik orang lain yang bisa saja menimpa Anda. Agar terhindar dari masalah ini, apa yang perlu diperhatikan ketika bertransaksi di mesin ATM?
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Apa itu Skimming?

Salah satu kasus kejahatan berkaitan dengan ATM adalah skimming. Nasabah dari sejumlah bank tiba-tiba terpotong saldo tabungannya, padahal mereka tidak melakukan transaksi pengambilan uang. Dalam kegiatan skimming, data pada kartu magnetik ATM disalin kemudian dituliskan kembali pada kartu magnetik kosong. Sehingga kartu ATM asli dan kartu yang sudah ditulis datanya menjadi identik. Kartu kloning inilah yang dapat berfungsi seperti kartu ATM asli. Namun bagaimana para penjahat ini dapat mengambil uang nasabah dengan kartu baru ini jika tidak mengetahui nomor PIN?

Untuk bertransaksi di ATM, selain menggunakan kartu, seorang nasabah juga harus memasukkan nomor PIN. Maka, untuk mendapatkan nomor PIN nasabah, kamera pengintai diletakkan di posisi yang tepat di sekitar ATM sehingga angka yang dimasukkan nasabah saat bertransaksi dapat terlihat. Selain itu, beberapa penjahat menggunakan cara tradisional dengan mengintip saat nasabah memasukkan nomor PIN. Dengan metode tersebut, berarti penjahat telah memiliki kartu ATM hasil kloning yang berisi data yang sama dengan kartu ATM asli milik Anda dan nomor PIN yang tepat, sehingga mereka bisa bertransaksi dengan menggunakan rekening Anda. Akibatnya, bila mereka mengambil uang dari rekening Anda, berarti uang Anda di bank berkurang.


Tips Bertransaksi di ATM

Bagaimana cara agar bisa bertransaksi di ATM secara aman? Untuk menjaga agar Anda tidak menjadi korban kejahatan teknologi di ATM, Anda dapat melakukan langkah praktis berikut ini.

*
Periksa lubang tempat memasukkan kartu ATM
Skimmer atau alat penyalin data ditempelkan di depan lubang tempat memasukkan kartu ATM. Alat tambahan ini bisa mengelabui pengguna bila tidak berhati-hati. Maka, sebelum memasukkan kartu, periksa terlebih dahulu apakah ada bekas tempelan, lem, atau hal mencurigakan pada lubang untuk memasukkan kartu. Karena bisa saja penjahat telah menempelkan alat skimmer. Bila memungkinkan, pilihlah menggunakan ATM yang telah dipasang antiskimmer yang biasanya berwarna hijau atau bening pada lubang ATM. Alat ini bisa mencegah dipasangnya skimmer.
*
Tutupi saat memasukkan nomor PIN
Untuk mendapatkan nomor PIN nasabah, kamera pengintai digunakan untuk mengintip dan Anda mungkin tidak menyadari keberadaannya. Untuk memastikan keamanan nomor PIN, tutupi dengan tangan yang tidak digunakan untuk menekan tombol agar seandainya ada kamera, tidak dapat mengambil gambar saat Anda memasukkan nomor PIN Anda. Beberapa ATM telah memasang penutup di samping kiri dan kanan tombol untuk memasukkan PIN, tetapi untuk ATM yang belum menerapkannya, Anda dapat melindungi diri dengan cara ini.
*
Pilih ATM yang aman
Bertransaksi di ATM yang terpencil dapat berbahaya, karena bisa saja Anda menjadi korban perampokan. ATM yang kurang terkontrol oleh pihak bank akan membuat para penjahat leluasa untuk memasang skimmer, kamera pengintai atau teknologi lain untuk mencuri data Anda. Sebisa mungkin pilihlah untuk bertransaksi di ATM yang ramai, tidak terpencil dan bila memungkinkan yang dijaga oleh petugas keamanan.
*
Buat PIN yang tidak mudah ditebak dan jaga kerahasiaannya
Nomor PIN berupa tanggal lahir, tanggal pernikahan atau tanggal lahir pasangan merupakan angka yang mudah ditebak. Maka buatlah PIN yang lebih sulit ditebak. Tetapi karena PIN Anda berupa angka yang acak dan sulit lalu Anda mungkin menuliskan PIN di kertas atau tempat yang dapat dilihat orang lain. Jangan lakukan itu. Jangan memberitahu PIN kepada sembarang orang, apalagi jika ada orang menawarkan bantuan saat Anda mengalami kesulitan di mesin ATM.
*
Ganti nomor PIN secara periodik
Mungkin kebanyakan orang malas untuk melakukan ini, karena mengubah PIN berarti harus mengingat nomor baru. Tetapi tidak ada salahnya Anda melakukan ini demi keamanan tabungan Anda. Gantilah secara berkala nomor PIN Anda.
*
Jangan percaya pada orang yang tidak dikenal
Modus baru kejahatan di ATM adalah dengan berpura-pura menjadi pegawai bank, mereka membuat mesin rusak sehingga kartu tertelan, kemudian meminta menghubungi nomor yang ditempel pada mesin ATM dan saat kita sedang lengah, kartu dalam mesin ATM akan diambil. Sedangkan untuk PIN, mungkin mereka melihat saat kita bertransaksi atau mereka pura-pura membantu dengan menanyakan nomor PIN. Walau tidak bermaksud menuduh setiap orang, sebaiknya jangan terlalu percaya dengan orang asing.
*
Hindari bertransaksi sembarangan
Kartu ATM seringkali bisa digunakan sebagai kartu debit untuk berbelanja di berbagai tempat. Pastikan Anda menggunakan kartu debit hanya di tempat-tempat yang dapat dipercaya. Jika petugas menggesek kartu pada mesin yang tidak resmi, segera tanya dan berhati-hati, apalagi dilakukan di tempat yang tersembunyi.

Keberadaan ATM telah membantu banyak orang untuk bertransaksi, tetapi tetaplah berhati-hati karena banyak penjahat yang memanfaatkan celah-celah keamanan untuk mencuri uang Anda.

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Netiquette

Kompetisi menulis Bebaskan Pengetahuan 2010 memasuki putaran kedua. Selamat kepada para peserta yang lolos ke babak selanjutnya. Anda dapat memantau penilaian para peserta untuk putaran pertama di situs Wikimedia Indonesia.
Netiquette
Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
Langsung ke: navigasi, cari
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Artikel bertopik teknologi informasi ini perlu dirapikan agar memenuhi standar Wikipedia
Merapikan artikel bisa berupa membagi artikel ke dalam paragraf atau wikifikasi artikel. Setelah dirapikan, tolong hapus pesan ini.

Netiquette merupakan Etika dalam menggunakan Internet. Internet sebagai sebuah kumpulan komunitas, diperlukan aturan yang akan menjadi acuan orang-orang sebagai pengguna Internet, dimana aturan ini menyangkut batasan dan cara yang terbaik dalam memanfaatkan fasilitas Internet.

Sebenarnya Nettiquette in adalah hal yang umum dan biasa, sama hal nya dengan aturan-aturan biasa ketika kita memasuki komunitas umum dimana informasi sangat banyak dan terbuka.

Beberapa aturan yang ada pada Nettiquete ini adalah:

1. Amankan dulu diri anda, maksudnya adalah amankan semua properti anda, mungkin dapat dimulai dari mengamankan komputer anda, dengan memasang anti virus atau personal firewall
2. Jangan terlalu mudah percaya dengan Internet, sehingga anda dengan mudah mengupload data pribadi anda. ada baiknya anda harus betul-betul yakin bahwa alamat URL yang anda tuju adalah dijamin keamanannya.
3. dan yang paling utama adalah, hargai pengguna lain di internet, caranya sederhana yaitu,:

a. jangan biasakan menggunakan informasi secara sembarangan, misalnya plagiat.
b. jangan berusaha untuk mengambil keuntungan secara ilegal dari Internet, misalnya melakukan kejahatan pencurian no kartu kredit
c. jangan berusaha mengganggu privasi orang lain, dengan mencoba mencuri informasi yang sebenarnya terbatas.
d. jangan menggunakan huruf kapital terlalu banyak, karena menyerupai kegiatan teriak-teriak pada komunitas sesungguhnya.

== Pranala luar: ==

* [http://www.pasadon.com/2009/04/netiket-ber-emailnetiket-ber-email/ Netiket E-mail]
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8.051 Tutorial: Instruction Set, Waktu, dan Low-Level Info

8.051 Tutorial: Addressing Modes

An "addressing mode" refers to how you are addressing a given memory location. Sebuah "mode pengalamatan" mengacu pada bagaimana Anda menangani lokasi memori yang diberikan. In summary, the addressing modes are as follows, with an example of each: Singkatnya, mode pengalamatan adalah sebagai berikut, dengan contoh masing-masing:

Immediate Addressing Segera Mengatasi MOV A,#20h MOV A, # 20h
Direct Addressing Direct Addressing MOV A,30h MOV A, 30h
Indirect Addressing Pengalamatan tidak langsung MOV A,@R0 MOV A, @ R0
External Direct Eksternal langsung MOVX A,@DPTR MOVX A, @ DPTR
Code Indirect Kode Langsung MOVC A,@A+DPTR MOVC A, @ A + DPTR

Each of these addressing modes provides important flexibility. Masing-masing mode pengalamatan memberikan fleksibilitas penting.

Immediate Addressing Segera Mengatasi

Immediate addressing is so-named because the value to be stored in memory immediately follows the operation code in memory. Segera menangani begitu-bernama karena nilai yang akan disimpan dalam memori langsung mengikuti kode operasi dalam memori. That is to say, the instruction itself dictates what value will be stored in memory. Artinya, instruksi itu sendiri menentukan nilai apa yang akan disimpan dalam memori.

For example, the instruction: Sebagai contoh, instruksi:

MOV A,#20h MOV A, # 20h

This instruction uses Immediate Addressing because the Accumulator will be loaded with the value that immediately follows; in this case 20 (hexidecimal). Instruksi ini menggunakan Segera Mengatasi karena Akumulator akan dimuat dengan nilai yang segera berikut; dalam hal ini 20 (hexidecimal).

Immediate addressing is very fast since the value to be loaded is included in the instruction. Segera mengatasi sangat cepat karena nilai yang akan diambil termasuk dalam instruksi. However, since the value to be loaded is fixed at compile-time it is not very flexible. Namun, karena nilai yang akan diambil adalah tetap pada saat kompilasi tidak sangat fleksibel.

Direct Addressing Direct Addressing

Direct addressing is so-named because the value to be stored in memory is obtained by directly retrieving it from another memory location. Pengalamatan langsung sangat bernama karena nilai yang akan disimpan dalam memori diperoleh secara langsung mengambilnya dari lokasi memori lain. For example: Sebagai contoh:

MOV A,30h MOV A, 30h

This instruction will read the data out of Internal RAM address 30 (hexidecimal) and store it in the Accumulator. Instruksi ini akan membaca data dari alamat RAM Internal 30 (hexidecimal) dan menyimpannya dalam Akumulator.

Direct addressing is generally fast since, although the value to be loaded isnt included in the instruction, it is quickly accessable since it is stored in the 8051s Internal RAM. Pengalamatan langsung umumnya cepat karena, meskipun nilai yang akan isnt dimuat termasuk dalam instruksi tersebut, maka dengan cepat diakses karena disimpan di RAM Internal 8051s. It is also much more flexible than Immediate Addressing since the value to be loaded is whatever is found at the given address--which may be variable. Hal ini juga jauh lebih fleksibel daripada Segera Mengatasi karena nilai yang akan diambil adalah apa saja yang ditemukan di alamat yang diberikan - yang mungkin variabel.

Also, it is important to note that when using direct addressing any instruction which refers to an address between 00h and 7Fh is referring to Internal Memory. Juga, penting untuk dicatat bahwa bila menggunakan pengalamatan langsung suatu instruksi yang merujuk ke alamat antara 00h dan 7Fh mengacu pada memori internal. Any instruction which refers to an address between 80h and FFh is referring to the SFR control registers that control the 8051 microcontroller itself. Setiap instruksi yang merujuk ke alamat antara 80h dan FFh merujuk ke register kontrol SFR yang mengendalikan mikrokontroler 8051 itu sendiri.

The obvious question that may arise is, "If direct addressing an address from 80h through FFh refers to SFRs, how can I access the upper 128 bytes of Internal RAM that are available on the 8052?" Pertanyaan jelas yang mungkin timbul adalah, "Jika langsung menangani alamat dari 80h sampai FFh mengacu pada SFRs, bagaimana saya bisa mengakses bagian atas 128 byte Internal RAM yang tersedia pada 8052?" The answer is: You cant access them using direct addressing. Jawabannya adalah: Anda tidak bisa mengaksesnya menggunakan pengalamatan langsung. As stated, if you directly refer to an address of 80h through FFh you will be referring to an SFR. Sebagaimana dinyatakan, jika Anda langsung merujuk pada alamat 80h melalui FFh Anda akan mengacu pada suatu SFR. However, you may access the 8052s upper 128 bytes of RAM by using the next addressing mode, "indirect addressing." Namun, Anda dapat mengakses 8052s atas 128 byte RAM dengan menggunakan mode pengalamatan berikutnya, "tidak langsung berbicara."

Indirect Addressing Pengalamatan tidak langsung

Indirect addressing is a very powerful addressing mode which in many cases provides an exceptional level of flexibility. Tidak langsung berbicara adalah mode pengalamatan yang sangat kuat yang dalam banyak kasus memberikan tingkat fleksibilitas yang luar biasa. Indirect addressing is also the only way to access the extra 128 bytes of Internal RAM found on an 8052. Pengalamatan tidak langsung juga satu-satunya cara untuk mengakses 128 byte ekstra dari internal RAM yang ditemukan pada 8052.

Indirect addressing appears as follows: Pengalamatan tidak langsung muncul sebagai berikut:

MOV A,@R0 MOV A, @ R0

This instruction causes the 8051 to analyze the value of the R0 register. Instruksi ini menyebabkan 8051 menganalisa nilai dari register R0. The 8051 will then load the accumulator with the value from Internal RAM which is found at the address indicated by R0. 8051 kemudian akan memuat akumulator dengan nilai dari RAM Internal yang ditemukan di alamat yang ditunjukkan oleh R0.

For example, lets say R0 holds the value 40h and Internal RAM address 40h holds the value 67h. Sebagai contoh, katakanlah 40h R0 memegang nilai dan Internal RAM alamat 40h 67h memegang nilai. When the above instruction is executed the 8051 will check the value of R0. Since R0 holds 40h the 8051 will get the value out of Internal RAM address 40h (which holds 67h) and store it in the Accumulator. Ketika instruksi diatas dieksekusi 8051 akan memeriksa nilai dari R0. Sejak R0 memegang 40h 8051 akan mendapatkan nilai dari Internal RAM alamat 40h (yang memegang 67h) dan menyimpannya dalam Akumulator. Thus, the Accumulator ends up holding 67h. Jadi, Akumulator akhirnya memegang 67h.

Indirect addressing always refers to Internal RAM; it never refers to an SFR. Pengalamatan tidak langsung selalu mengacu pada Internal RAM; itu tidak pernah merujuk pada SFR sebuah. Thus, in a prior example we mentioned that SFR 99h can be used to write a value to the serial port. Jadi, dalam contoh sebelumnya telah disebutkan bahwa SFR 99h dapat digunakan untuk menulis nilai ke port serial. Thus one may think that the following would be a valid solution to write the value 1 to the serial port: Jadi satu mungkin berpikir bahwa berikut akan menjadi solusi yang valid untuk menulis nilai 1 ke port serial:

MOV R0,#99h ;Load the address of the serial port MOV R0, # 99h; Isikan alamat port serial
MOV @R0,#01h ;Send 01 to the serial port -- WRONG!! MOV @ R0, # 01h; Kirim 01 ke port serial - SALAH!

This is not valid. Ini tidak berlaku. Since indirect addressing always refers to Internal RAM these two instructions would write the value 01h to Internal RAM address 99h on an 8052. Karena tidak langsung berbicara selalu mengacu pada RAM Internal ini dua instruksi akan menulis nilai ke alamat 01h 99h RAM Internal pada 8052. On an 8051 these two instructions would produce an undefined result since the 8051 only has 128 bytes of Internal RAM. Pada 8051 ini dua instruksi yang akan menghasilkan hasil yang tidak terdefinisi sejak 8051 hanya memiliki 128 byte RAM Internal.

External Direct Eksternal langsung

External Memory is accessed using a suite of instructions which use what I call "External Direct" addressing. Memori Eksternal diakses menggunakan seperangkat instruksi yang menggunakan apa yang saya sebut "Eksternal langsung" berbicara. I call it this because it appears to be direct addressing, but it is used to access external memory rather than internal memory. Aku menyebutnya ini karena tampaknya langsung menangani, tetapi digunakan untuk mengakses memori eksternal daripada memori internal.

There are only two commands that use External Direct addressing mode: Hanya ada dua perintah yang menggunakan mode pengalamatan langsung Eksternal:

MOVX A,@DPTR MOVX A, @ DPTR
MOVX @DPTR,A MOVX @ DPTR, A

As you can see, both commands utilize DPTR. Seperti yang Anda lihat, baik perintah menggunakan DPTR. In these instructions, DPTR must first be loaded with the address of external memory that you wish to read or write. Dalam petunjuk ini, DPTR pertama harus diisi dengan alamat dari memori eksternal yang ingin Anda membaca atau menulis. Once DPTR holds the correct external memory address, the first command will move the contents of that external memory address into the Accumulator. Setelah DPTR menyimpan alamat memori eksternal benar, perintah pertama akan memindahkan isi dari alamat memori eksternal ke Akumulator. The second command will do the opposite: it will allow you to write the value of the Accumulator to the external memory address pointed to by DPTR. Perintah kedua akan melakukan hal yang sebaliknya: akan memungkinkan Anda untuk menulis nilai Akumulator ke alamat memori eksternal yang ditunjuk oleh DPTR.

External Indirect Eksternal tidak langsung

External memory can also be accessed using a form of indirect addressing which I call External Indirect addressing. Eksternal memori juga dapat diakses dengan menggunakan bentuk tidak langsung berbicara yang saya sebut Eksternal pengalamatan tidak langsung. This form of addressing is usually only used in relatively small projects that have a very small amount of external RAM. Bentuk pengalamatan biasanya hanya digunakan dalam proyek-proyek yang relatif kecil yang mempunyai jumlah yang sangat kecil dari RAM eksternal. An example of this addressing mode is: Contoh mode pengalamatan ini adalah:

MOVX @R0,A MOVX @ R0, A

Once again, the value of R0 is first read and the value of the Accumulator is written to that address in External RAM. Sekali lagi, nilai R0 pertama kali membaca dan nilai Akumulator ditulis ke alamat di Eksternal RAM. Since the value of @R0 can only be 00h through FFh the project would effectively be limited to 256 bytes of External RAM. Karena nilai @ R0 hanya dapat 00h melalui FFh proyek secara efektif akan terbatas pada 256 byte RAM Eksternal. There are relatively simple hardware/software tricks that can be implemented to access more than 256 bytes of memory using External Indirect addressing; however, it is usually easier to use External Direct addressing if your project has more than 256 bytes of External RAM. Ada trik sederhana relatif hardware software / yang dapat diimplementasikan untuk mengakses lebih dari 256 byte memori menggunakan pengalamatan eksternal tidak langsung, namun biasanya lebih mudah untuk menggunakan pengalamatan langsung Eksternal jika proyek Anda memiliki lebih dari 256 byte RAM Eksternal.

Ketika pertama kali diinisialisasi 8051, itu ulang PC untuk 0000h. The 8051 then begins to execute instructions sequentially in memory unless a program instruction causes the PC to be otherwise altered. 8051 kemudian mulai melaksanakan instruksi secara berurutan dalam memori kecuali sebuah instruksi program yang menyebabkan PC yang akan dinyatakan diubah. There are various instructions that can modify the value of the PC; specifically, conditional branching instructions, direct jumps and calls, and "returns" from subroutines. Ada berbagai petunjuk yang dapat mengubah nilai PC; khusus, instruksi bercabang bersyarat, melompat langsung dan panggilan, dan "kembali" dari subrutin. Additionally, interrupts, when enabled, can cause the program flow to deviate from its otherwise sequential scheme. Selain itu, sela, ketika diaktifkan, dapat menyebabkan aliran program untuk menyimpang dari skema yang dinyatakan sekuensial.

Conditional Branching Branching Bersyarat

The 8051 contains a suite of instructions which, as a group, are referred to as "conditional branching" instructions. 8051 suite berisi instruksi yang, sebagai kelompok, yang disebut sebagai "percabangan kondisional" instruksi. These instructions cause program execution to follow a non-sequential path if a certain condition is true. Instruksi ini menyebabkan eksekusi program untuk mengikuti jalan non-sekuensial jika kondisi tertentu adalah benar.

Take, for example, the JB instruction. Ambil, misalnya, instruksi JB. This instruction means "Jump if Bit Set." Instruksi ini berarti "Langsung jika Bit Set." An example of the JB instruction might be: Contoh dari instruksi JB mungkin:

JB 45h,HELLO JB 45h, HELLO
NOP PDN
HELLO: HELLO: .... ....

In this case, the 8051 will analyze the contents of bit 45h. Dalam hal ini, 8051 akan menganalisa isi 45h bit. If the bit is set program execution will jump immediately to the label HELLO, skipping the NOP instruction. Jika bit diatur eksekusi program akan melompat langsung HELLO label, melompat-lompat instruksi NOP. If the bit is not set the conditional branch fails and program execution continues, as usual, with the NOP instruction which follows. Jika bit tidak mengatur cabang bersyarat dan pelaksanaan program gagal terus, seperti biasa, dengan instruksi NOP yang berikut.

Conditional branching is really the fundamental building block of program logic since all "decisions" are accomplished by using conditional branching. Percabangan bersyarat sebenarnya adalah blok bangunan fundamental dari logika program karena semua "keputusan" yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan percabangan bersyarat. Conditional branching can be thought of as the "IF...THEN" structure in 8051 assembly language. Percabangan bersyarat dapat dianggap sebagai JIKA ... MAKA "struktur" dalam bahasa assembly 8051.

An important note worth mentioning about conditional branching is that the program may only branch to instructions located withim 128 bytes prior to or 127 bytes following the address which follows the conditional branch instruction. Catatan penting yang layak disebut tentang percabangan kondisional adalah bahwa program ini hanya dapat belokan ke instruksi 128 byte yang terletak withim sebelum atau 127 byte berikut alamat yang mengikuti instruksi cabang bersyarat. This means that in the above example the label HELLO must be within +/- 128 bytes of the memory address which contains the conditional branching instruction. Ini berarti bahwa dalam contoh di atas label HELLO harus berada dalam + / - 128 byte dari alamat memori yang berisi instruksi percabangan bersyarat.

Direct Jumps Langsung Jumps

While conditional branching is extremely important, it is often necessary to make a direct branch to a given memory location without basing it on a given logical decision. This is equivalent to saying "Goto" in BASIC. Sementara percabangan kondisional sangat penting, seringkali diperlukan untuk cabang langsung ke lokasi memori diberikan tanpa mendasarkan pada keputusan logis tertentu. Hal ini setara dengan mengatakan "Goto" pada BASIC. In this case you want the program flow to continue at a given memory address without considering any conditions. Dalam hal ini Anda ingin aliran program untuk melanjutkan pada alamat memori diberikan tanpa mempertimbangkan kondisi.

This is accomplished in the 8051 using "Direct Jump and Call" instructions. Hal ini dilakukan dalam 8.051 menggunakan "Langsung Langsung dan Call" instruksi. As illustrated in the last paragraph, this suite of instructions causes program flow to change unconditionally. Seperti digambarkan dalam paragraf terakhir, suite ini menyebabkan aliran instruksi program untuk perubahan tanpa syarat.

Consider the example: Perhatikan contoh:

LJMP NEW_ADDRESS LJMP NEW_ADDRESS
. .
. .
. .
NEW_ADDRESS: NEW_ADDRESS: .... ....

The LJMP instruction in this example means "Long Jump." Instruksi LJMP dalam contoh ini berarti "Long Langsung." When the 8051 executes this instruction the PC is loaded with the address of NEW_ADDRESS and program execution continues sequentially from there. Ketika 8051 mengeksekusi instruksi ini PC tersebut dimuat dengan alamat NEW_ADDRESS dan pelaksanaan program terus secara berurutan dari sana.

The obvious difference between the Direct Jump and Call instructions and the conditional branching is that with Direct Jumps and Calls program flow always changes. Perbedaan yang jelas antara langsung dan instruksi Langsung Panggil dan percabangan kondisional adalah bahwa dengan Direct Jumps dan Panggilan aliran program selalu berubah. With conditional branching program flow only changes if a certain condition is true. Dengan aliran program percabangan bersyarat hanya perubahan jika kondisi tertentu adalah benar.

It is worth mentioning that, aside from LJMP, there are two other instructions which cause a direct jump to occur: the SJMP and AJMP commands. Perlu disebutkan bahwa, selain dari LJMP, ada dua instruksi lain yang menyebabkan melompat langsung terjadi: di SJMP dan perintah AJMP. Functionally, these two commands perform the exact same function as the LJMP command--that is to say, they always cause program flow to continue at the address indicated by the command. Secara fungsional, kedua perintah menjalankan fungsi yang sama persis seperti perintah LJMP - artinya, mereka selalu menyebabkan aliran program untuk melanjutkan di alamat yang ditunjukkan oleh perintah. However, SJMP and AJMP differ in the following ways: Namun, SJMP dan AJMP berbeda dalam cara berikut:

* The SJMP command, like the conditional branching instructions, can only jump to an address within +/- 128 bytes of the SJMP command. Perintah SJMP, seperti instruksi percabangan bersyarat, hanya dapat melompat ke alamat dalam + / - 128 byte dari perintah SJMP.
* The AJMP command can only jump to an address that is in the same 2k block of memory as the AJMP command. Perintah AJMP hanya dapat melompat ke alamat yang di blok 2k sama memori perintah AJMP. That is to say, if the AJMP command is at code memory location 650h, it can only do a jump to addresses 0000h through 07FFh (0 through 2047, decimal). Artinya, jika perintah AJMP berada pada lokasi memori 650h kode, hanya dapat melakukan melompat ke alamat 0000h melalui 07FFh (0 melalui 2047, desimal).

You may be asking yourself, "Why would I want to use the SJMP or AJMP command which have restrictions as to how far they can jump if they do the same thing as the LJMP command which can jump anywhere in memory?" Anda mungkin bertanya pada diri sendiri, "Mengapa saya ingin menggunakan perintah SJMP atau AJMP yang memiliki batasan-batasan sejauh mana mereka bisa melompat jika mereka melakukan hal yang sama dengan perintah LJMP yang dapat melompat di mana saja di memori?" The answer is simple: The LJMP command requires three bytes of code memory whereas both the SJMP and AJMP commands require only two. Jawabannya sederhana: Perintah LJMP membutuhkan tiga byte memori kode sedangkan baik dan perintah SJMP AJMP hanya memerlukan dua. Thus, if you are developing an application that has memory restrictions you can often save quite a bit of memory using the 2-byte AJMP/SJMP instructions instead of the 3-byte instruction. Jadi, jika Anda sedang mengembangkan aplikasi yang memiliki pembatasan memori Anda sering dapat menyimpan cukup sedikit memori menggunakan byte AJMP 2 / instruksi SJMP bukan-byte instruksi 3.

Recently, I wrote a program that required 2100 bytes of memory but I had a memory restriction of 2k (2048 bytes). Baru-baru ini, aku menulis sebuah program yang membutuhkan 2100 byte memori, tetapi saya punya kenangan 2k pembatasan (2048 bytes). I did a search/replace changing all LJMPs to AJMPs and the program shrunk downto 1950 bytes. Aku pencarian / mengganti semua perubahan LJMPs untuk AJMPs dan program menyusut downto 1950 byte. Thus, without changing any logic whatsoever in my program I saved 150 bytes and was able to meet my 2048 byte memory restriction. Jadi, tanpa mengubah logika apapun dalam program saya, saya disimpan 150 byte dan mampu memenuhi pembatasan saya 2048 byte memori.

NOTE: Some quality assemblers will actually do the above conversion for you automatically. CATATAN: Beberapa perakit kualitas benar-benar akan melakukan konversi di atas untuk Anda secara otomatis. That is, they'll automatically change your LJMPs to SJMPs whenever possible. Artinya, mereka secara otomatis akan mengubah LJMPs Anda untuk SJMPs bila memungkinkan. This is a nifty and very powerful capability that you may want to look for in an assembler if you plan to develop many projects that have relatively tight memory restrictions. Ini adalah bagus dan sangat kuat kemampuan yang Anda mungkin ingin mencari di assembler jika Anda berencana untuk mengembangkan proyek-proyek banyak yang memiliki memori pembatasan ketat yang relatif.

Direct Calls Panggilan langsung

Another operation that will be familiar to seasoned programmers is the LCALL instruction. This is similar to a "Gosub" command in Basic. Operasi lain yang akan dikenal oleh programmer berpengalaman adalah instruksi LCALL. Hal ini mirip dengan Gosub perintah "" dalam Basic.

When the 8051 executes an LCALL instruction it immediately pushes the current Program Counter onto the stack and then continues executing code at the address indicated by the LCALL instruction. Ketika 8.051 melaksanakan instruksi LCALL segera mendorong Program Counter saat ini ke stack dan kemudian terus melaksanakan kode di alamat yang ditunjukkan oleh instruksi LCALL.

Returns from Routines Pengembalian dari Rutinitas

Another structure that can cause program flow to change is the "Return from Subroutine" instruction, known as RET in 8051 Assembly Language. Struktur lain yang dapat menyebabkan aliran program untuk perubahan adalah Kembali "dari subroutine" instruksi, yang dikenal sebagai Pur dalam Majelis Bahasa 8051.

The RET instruction, when executed, returns to the address following the instruction that called the given subroutine. Instruksi Pur, saat dieksekusi, kembali ke alamat berikut instruksi yang disebut subroutine diberikan. More accurately, it returns to the address that is stored on the stack. Lebih tepatnya, ia mengembalikan ke alamat yang disimpan pada stack.

The RET command is direct in the sense that it always changes program flow without basing it on a condition, but is variable in the sense that where program flow continues can be different each time the RET instruction is executed depending on from where the subroutine was called originally. Perintah Pur langsung dalam arti bahwa hal itu selalu berubah aliran program tanpa mendasarkan pada kondisi, tetapi variabel dalam arti bahwa dimana program terus mengalir bisa berbeda setiap kali instruksi ret dijalankan tergantung dari mana subroutine ini disebut awalnya.

Interrupts Interupsi

An interrupt is a special feature which allows the 8051 to provide the illusion of "multi-tasking," although in reality the 8051 is only doing one thing at a time. Interrupt adalah fitur khusus yang memungkinkan 8.051 untuk memberikan ilusi "multi-tasking," meskipun pada kenyataannya 8051 hanya melakukan satu hal pada suatu waktu. The word "interrupt" can often be subsituted with the word "event." Kata "interupsi" sering bisa subsituted dengan kata "event."

An interrupt is triggered whenever a corresponding event occurs. Interrupt dipicu setiap kali terjadi event terkait. When the event occurs, the 8051 temporarily puts "on hold" the normal execution of the program and executes a special section of code referred to as an interrupt handler. Ketika peristiwa terjadi, sementara 8051 puts "ditahan" eksekusi normal program dan mengeksekusi bagian kode khusus disebut sebagai interrupt handler. The interrupt handler performs whatever special functions are required to handle the event and then returns control to the 8051 at which point program execution continues as if it had never been interrupted. Petugas melakukan apa pun yang mengganggu fungsi-fungsi khusus diperlukan untuk menangani peristiwa itu dan kemudian kembali kontrol ke 8051 di mana titik eksekusi program berlanjut seakan tidak pernah terputus.

The topic of interrupts is somewhat tricky and very important. Topik potong agak rumit dan sangat penting. For that reason, an entire chapter will be dedicated to the topic. Oleh karena itu, satu bab akan didedikasikan untuk topik. For now, suffice it to say that Interrupts can cause program flow to change. Untuk saat ini, cukup dikatakan bahwa interupsi dapat menyebabkan aliran program untuk mengubah.

Ketika pertama kali diinisialisasi 8051, itu ulang PC untuk 0000h. The 8051 then begins to execute instructions sequentially in memory unless a program instruction causes the PC to be otherwise altered. 8051 kemudian mulai melaksanakan instruksi secara berurutan dalam memori kecuali sebuah instruksi program yang menyebabkan PC yang akan dinyatakan diubah. There are various instructions that can modify the value of the PC; specifically, conditional branching instructions, direct jumps and calls, and "returns" from subroutines. Ada berbagai petunjuk yang dapat mengubah nilai PC; khusus, instruksi bercabang bersyarat, melompat langsung dan panggilan, dan "kembali" dari subrutin. Additionally, interrupts, when enabled, can cause the program flow to deviate from its otherwise sequential scheme. Selain itu, sela, ketika diaktifkan, dapat menyebabkan aliran program untuk menyimpang dari skema yang dinyatakan sekuensial.

Conditional Branching Branching Bersyarat

The 8051 contains a suite of instructions which, as a group, are referred to as "conditional branching" instructions. 8051 suite berisi instruksi yang, sebagai kelompok, yang disebut sebagai "percabangan kondisional" instruksi. These instructions cause program execution to follow a non-sequential path if a certain condition is true. Instruksi ini menyebabkan eksekusi program untuk mengikuti jalan non-sekuensial jika kondisi tertentu adalah benar.

Take, for example, the JB instruction. Ambil, misalnya, instruksi JB. This instruction means "Jump if Bit Set." Instruksi ini berarti "Langsung jika Bit Set." An example of the JB instruction might be: Contoh dari instruksi JB mungkin:

JB 45h,HELLO JB 45h, HELLO
NOP PDN
HELLO: HELLO: .... ....

In this case, the 8051 will analyze the contents of bit 45h. Dalam hal ini, 8051 akan menganalisa isi 45h bit. If the bit is set program execution will jump immediately to the label HELLO, skipping the NOP instruction. Jika bit diatur eksekusi program akan melompat langsung HELLO label, melompat-lompat instruksi NOP. If the bit is not set the conditional branch fails and program execution continues, as usual, with the NOP instruction which follows. Jika bit tidak mengatur cabang bersyarat dan pelaksanaan program gagal terus, seperti biasa, dengan instruksi NOP yang berikut.

Conditional branching is really the fundamental building block of program logic since all "decisions" are accomplished by using conditional branching. Percabangan bersyarat sebenarnya adalah blok bangunan fundamental dari logika program karena semua "keputusan" yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan percabangan bersyarat. Conditional branching can be thought of as the "IF...THEN" structure in 8051 assembly language. Percabangan bersyarat dapat dianggap sebagai JIKA ... MAKA "struktur" dalam bahasa assembly 8051.

An important note worth mentioning about conditional branching is that the program may only branch to instructions located withim 128 bytes prior to or 127 bytes following the address which follows the conditional branch instruction. Catatan penting yang layak disebut tentang percabangan kondisional adalah bahwa program ini hanya dapat belokan ke instruksi 128 byte yang terletak withim sebelum atau 127 byte berikut alamat yang mengikuti instruksi cabang bersyarat. This means that in the above example the label HELLO must be within +/- 128 bytes of the memory address which contains the conditional branching instruction. Ini berarti bahwa dalam contoh di atas label HELLO harus berada dalam + / - 128 byte dari alamat memori yang berisi instruksi percabangan bersyarat.

Direct Jumps Langsung Jumps

While conditional branching is extremely important, it is often necessary to make a direct branch to a given memory location without basing it on a given logical decision. This is equivalent to saying "Goto" in BASIC. Sementara percabangan kondisional sangat penting, seringkali diperlukan untuk cabang langsung ke lokasi memori diberikan tanpa mendasarkan pada keputusan logis tertentu. Hal ini setara dengan mengatakan "Goto" pada BASIC. In this case you want the program flow to continue at a given memory address without considering any conditions. Dalam hal ini Anda ingin aliran program untuk melanjutkan pada alamat memori diberikan tanpa mempertimbangkan kondisi.

This is accomplished in the 8051 using "Direct Jump and Call" instructions. Hal ini dilakukan dalam 8.051 menggunakan "Langsung Langsung dan Call" instruksi. As illustrated in the last paragraph, this suite of instructions causes program flow to change unconditionally. Seperti digambarkan dalam paragraf terakhir, suite ini menyebabkan aliran instruksi program untuk perubahan tanpa syarat.

Consider the example: Perhatikan contoh:

LJMP NEW_ADDRESS LJMP NEW_ADDRESS
. .
. .
. .
NEW_ADDRESS: NEW_ADDRESS: .... ....

The LJMP instruction in this example means "Long Jump." Instruksi LJMP dalam contoh ini berarti "Long Langsung." When the 8051 executes this instruction the PC is loaded with the address of NEW_ADDRESS and program execution continues sequentially from there. Ketika 8051 mengeksekusi instruksi ini PC tersebut dimuat dengan alamat NEW_ADDRESS dan pelaksanaan program terus secara berurutan dari sana.

The obvious difference between the Direct Jump and Call instructions and the conditional branching is that with Direct Jumps and Calls program flow always changes. Perbedaan yang jelas antara langsung dan instruksi Langsung Panggil dan percabangan kondisional adalah bahwa dengan Direct Jumps dan Panggilan aliran program selalu berubah. With conditional branching program flow only changes if a certain condition is true. Dengan aliran program percabangan bersyarat hanya perubahan jika kondisi tertentu adalah benar.

It is worth mentioning that, aside from LJMP, there are two other instructions which cause a direct jump to occur: the SJMP and AJMP commands. Perlu disebutkan bahwa, selain dari LJMP, ada dua instruksi lain yang menyebabkan melompat langsung terjadi: di SJMP dan perintah AJMP. Functionally, these two commands perform the exact same function as the LJMP command--that is to say, they always cause program flow to continue at the address indicated by the command. Secara fungsional, kedua perintah menjalankan fungsi yang sama persis seperti perintah LJMP - artinya, mereka selalu menyebabkan aliran program untuk melanjutkan di alamat yang ditunjukkan oleh perintah. However, SJMP and AJMP differ in the following ways: Namun, SJMP dan AJMP berbeda dalam cara berikut:

* The SJMP command, like the conditional branching instructions, can only jump to an address within +/- 128 bytes of the SJMP command. Perintah SJMP, seperti instruksi percabangan bersyarat, hanya dapat melompat ke alamat dalam + / - 128 byte dari perintah SJMP.
* The AJMP command can only jump to an address that is in the same 2k block of memory as the AJMP command. Perintah AJMP hanya dapat melompat ke alamat yang di blok 2k sama memori perintah AJMP. That is to say, if the AJMP command is at code memory location 650h, it can only do a jump to addresses 0000h through 07FFh (0 through 2047, decimal). Artinya, jika perintah AJMP berada pada lokasi memori 650h kode, hanya dapat melakukan melompat ke alamat 0000h melalui 07FFh (0 melalui 2047, desimal).

You may be asking yourself, "Why would I want to use the SJMP or AJMP command which have restrictions as to how far they can jump if they do the same thing as the LJMP command which can jump anywhere in memory?" Anda mungkin bertanya pada diri sendiri, "Mengapa saya ingin menggunakan perintah SJMP atau AJMP yang memiliki batasan-batasan sejauh mana mereka bisa melompat jika mereka melakukan hal yang sama dengan perintah LJMP yang dapat melompat di mana saja di memori?" The answer is simple: The LJMP command requires three bytes of code memory whereas both the SJMP and AJMP commands require only two. Jawabannya sederhana: Perintah LJMP membutuhkan tiga byte memori kode sedangkan baik dan perintah SJMP AJMP hanya memerlukan dua. Thus, if you are developing an application that has memory restrictions you can often save quite a bit of memory using the 2-byte AJMP/SJMP instructions instead of the 3-byte instruction. Jadi, jika Anda sedang mengembangkan aplikasi yang memiliki pembatasan memori Anda sering dapat menyimpan cukup sedikit memori menggunakan byte AJMP 2 / instruksi SJMP bukan-byte instruksi 3.

Recently, I wrote a program that required 2100 bytes of memory but I had a memory restriction of 2k (2048 bytes). Baru-baru ini, aku menulis sebuah program yang membutuhkan 2100 byte memori, tetapi saya punya kenangan 2k pembatasan (2048 bytes). I did a search/replace changing all LJMPs to AJMPs and the program shrunk downto 1950 bytes. Aku pencarian / mengganti semua perubahan LJMPs untuk AJMPs dan program menyusut downto 1950 byte. Thus, without changing any logic whatsoever in my program I saved 150 bytes and was able to meet my 2048 byte memory restriction. Jadi, tanpa mengubah logika apapun dalam program saya, saya disimpan 150 byte dan mampu memenuhi pembatasan saya 2048 byte memori.

NOTE: Some quality assemblers will actually do the above conversion for you automatically. CATATAN: Beberapa perakit kualitas benar-benar akan melakukan konversi di atas untuk Anda secara otomatis. That is, they'll automatically change your LJMPs to SJMPs whenever possible. Artinya, mereka secara otomatis akan mengubah LJMPs Anda untuk SJMPs bila memungkinkan. This is a nifty and very powerful capability that you may want to look for in an assembler if you plan to develop many projects that have relatively tight memory restrictions. Ini adalah bagus dan sangat kuat kemampuan yang Anda mungkin ingin mencari di assembler jika Anda berencana untuk mengembangkan proyek-proyek banyak yang memiliki memori pembatasan ketat yang relatif.

Direct Calls Panggilan langsung

Another operation that will be familiar to seasoned programmers is the LCALL instruction. This is similar to a "Gosub" command in Basic. Operasi lain yang akan dikenal oleh programmer berpengalaman adalah instruksi LCALL. Hal ini mirip dengan Gosub perintah "" dalam Basic.

When the 8051 executes an LCALL instruction it immediately pushes the current Program Counter onto the stack and then continues executing code at the address indicated by the LCALL instruction. Ketika 8.051 melaksanakan instruksi LCALL segera mendorong Program Counter saat ini ke stack dan kemudian terus melaksanakan kode di alamat yang ditunjukkan oleh instruksi LCALL.

Returns from Routines Pengembalian dari Rutinitas

Another structure that can cause program flow to change is the "Return from Subroutine" instruction, known as RET in 8051 Assembly Language. Struktur lain yang dapat menyebabkan aliran program untuk perubahan adalah Kembali "dari subroutine" instruksi, yang dikenal sebagai Pur dalam Majelis Bahasa 8051.

The RET instruction, when executed, returns to the address following the instruction that called the given subroutine. Instruksi Pur, saat dieksekusi, kembali ke alamat berikut instruksi yang disebut subroutine diberikan. More accurately, it returns to the address that is stored on the stack. Lebih tepatnya, ia mengembalikan ke alamat yang disimpan pada stack.

The RET command is direct in the sense that it always changes program flow without basing it on a condition, but is variable in the sense that where program flow continues can be different each time the RET instruction is executed depending on from where the subroutine was called originally. Perintah Pur langsung dalam arti bahwa hal itu selalu berubah aliran program tanpa mendasarkan pada kondisi, tetapi variabel dalam arti bahwa dimana program terus mengalir bisa berbeda setiap kali instruksi ret dijalankan tergantung dari mana subroutine ini disebut awalnya.

Interrupts Interupsi

An interrupt is a special feature which allows the 8051 to provide the illusion of "multi-tasking," although in reality the 8051 is only doing one thing at a time. Interrupt adalah fitur khusus yang memungkinkan 8.051 untuk memberikan ilusi "multi-tasking," meskipun pada kenyataannya 8051 hanya melakukan satu hal pada suatu waktu. The word "interrupt" can often be subsituted with the word "event." Kata "interupsi" sering bisa subsituted dengan kata "event."

An interrupt is triggered whenever a corresponding event occurs. Interrupt dipicu setiap kali terjadi event terkait. When the event occurs, the 8051 temporarily puts "on hold" the normal execution of the program and executes a special section of code referred to as an interrupt handler. Ketika peristiwa terjadi, sementara 8051 puts "ditahan" eksekusi normal program dan mengeksekusi bagian kode khusus disebut sebagai interrupt handler. The interrupt handler performs whatever special functions are required to handle the event and then returns control to the 8051 at which point program execution continues as if it had never been interrupted. Petugas melakukan apa pun yang mengganggu fungsi-fungsi khusus diperlukan untuk menangani peristiwa itu dan kemudian kembali kontrol ke 8051 di mana titik eksekusi program berlanjut seakan tidak pernah terputus.

The topic of interrupts is somewhat tricky and very important. Topik potong agak rumit dan sangat penting. For that reason, an entire chapter will be dedicated to the topic. Oleh karena itu, satu bab akan didedikasikan untuk topik. For now, suffice it to say that Interrupts can cause program flow to change. Untuk saat ini, cukup dikatakan bahwa interupsi dapat menyebabkan aliran program untuk mengubah.

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